Who Is The Inventor Of Makeup

History of cosmetics in cultures

The history of cosmetics spans at least 7,000 years and is present in nigh every society on world. Corrective body fine art is argued to accept been the earliest course of a ritual in homo culture. The testify for this comes in the form of utilised crimson mineral pigments (red ochre) including crayons associated with the emergence of Homo sapiens in Africa.^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]} Cosmetics are mentioned in the Old Testament—two Kings nine:30 where Jezebel painted her eyelids—approximately 840 BC—and the book of Esther describes various beauty treatments as well.

Cosmetics were besides used in ancient Rome, although much of Roman literature suggests that it was frowned upon. It is known that some women in ancient Rome invented make up including lead-based formulas, to whiten the skin, and kohl to line the eyes.^[7]

Across the globe [edit]

North Africa [edit]

Egypt [edit]

I of the earliest cultures to use cosmetics was ancient Egypt, where both Egyptian men and women used makeup to enhance their appearance. The use of cosmetics in Ancient Egypt is well documented. Kohl has its roots in due north Africa. The use of black kohl eyeliner and eyeshadows in night colours such as blue, red, and black was common, and was commonly recorded and represented in Egyptian fine art, as well as beingness seen in Egyptian hieroglyphs. Ancient Egyptians too extracted red dye from fucus-algin, 0.01% iodine, and some bromine mannite,^{[ vague ]} but this dye resulted in serious illness. Lipsticks with shimmering effects were initially made using a pearlescent substance found in fish scales, which are still used extensively today.^[8] Despite the hazardous nature of some Egyptian cosmetics, aboriginal Egyptian makeup was also thought to have antibacterial backdrop that helped prevent infections.^[9] Remedies to treat wrinkles contained ingredients such as mucilage of frankincense and fresh moringa. For scars and burns, a special ointment was made of red ochre, kohl, and sycamore juice. An alternative handling was a poultice of carob grounds and honey, or an ointment made of knotgrass and powdered root of wormwood. To improve breath the ancient Africans chewed herbs or frankincense which is withal in utilise today. Jars of what could exist compared with setting lotion have been found to contain a mixture of beeswax and resin. These doubled equally remedies for issues such as baldness and greying hair. They also used these products on their mummies, because they believed that it would brand them irresistible in the after life.

Centre East [edit]

Cosmetics are mentioned in the Quondam Testament, such as in two Kings 9:xxx, where the biblical figure Jezebel painted her eyelids (approximately 840 BC). Cosmetics are also mentioned in the book of Esther, where beauty treatments are described.

Asia [edit]

People's republic of china [edit]

Flowers play an important decorative function in China. Legend has it that in one case on the 7th day of the 1st lunar calendar month, while Princess Shouyang, daughter of Emperor Wu of Liu Song, was resting under the eaves of Hanzhang Palace most the plum trees subsequently wandering in the gardens, a plum blossom drifted down onto her fair confront, leaving a floral imprint on her forehead that enhanced her beauty further.^{[10] [xi] [12]} The courtroom ladies were said to be so impressed, that they started decorating their own foreheads with a minor delicate plum flower design.^{[10] [11] [13]} This is besides the mythical origin of the floral fashion, meihua zhuang ^[eleven] (梅花妝; literally "plum bloom makeup"), that originated in the Southern Dynasties (420–589) and became pop amongst ladies in the Tang (618–907) and Song (960–1279) dynasties.^{[xiii] [14]}

Mongolia [edit]

Women of royal families painted blood-red spots on the middle of their cheeks, right under their eyes. Withal, it is a mystery why. They said that scarlet cheeks are a reason of happy queen.^{[ citation needed ]}

Nippon [edit]

A maiko in the Gion district of Kyoto, Japan, in full make-up. The manner of the lipstick indicates that she is still new.

In Nihon, geisha wore lipstick fabricated of crushed safflower petals to pigment the eyebrows and edges of the eyes as well equally the lips, and sticks of bintsuke wax, a softer version of the sumo wrestlers' hair wax, were used past geisha as a makeup base of operations. Rice pulverisation colors the face up and back; rouge contours the eye socket and defines the olfactory organ.^{[fifteen] [ unreliable source? ]} Ohaguro (black pigment) colours the teeth for the ceremony, called Erikae, when maiko (apprentice geisha) graduate and become independent. The geisha would too sometimes use bird droppings to compile a lighter color.

Western Asia [edit]

Cosmetics were used in Persia and what today is Iran from ancient periods.^{[ citation needed ]} Kohl is a black powder that is used widely across the Persian Empire. It is used every bit a powder or smeared to darken the edges of the eyelids like to eyeliner.^[xvi] Afterward Persian tribes converted to Islam and conquered those areas, in some areas cosmetics were only restricted if they were to disguise the existent look in order to mislead or cause uncontrolled want.^{[ citation needed ]} In Islamic law, despite these requirements, at that place is no accented prohibition on wearing cosmetics; the cosmetics must not be fabricated of substances that impairment one's body.

An early teacher in the 10th century was Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, or Abulcasis, who wrote the 24-volume medical encyclopedia Al-Tasrif. A chapter of the 19th volume was dedicated to cosmetics. As the treatise was translated into Latin, the cosmetic chapter was used in the Westward. Al-Zahrawi considered cosmetics a branch of medicine, which he called "Medicine of Beauty" (Adwiyat al-Zinah). He deals with perfumes, scented aromatics and incense. There were perfumed sticks rolled and pressed in special molds, perhaps the earliest antecedents of nowadays-day lipsticks and solid deodorants. He also used oily substances called Adhan for medication and beautification.^{[ citation needed ]}

Europe [edit]

Cultures to apply cosmetics include the ancient Greeks ^{[five] [half dozen]} and the Romans. In the Roman Empire, the use of cosmetics was mutual amongst prostitutes and rich women. Such beautification was sometimes lamented by certain Roman writers, who thought it to be against the castitas required of women past what they considered traditional Roman values; and later by Christian writers who expressed similar sentiments in a slightly dissimilar context. Pliny the Elder mentioned cosmetics in his Naturalis Historia, and Ovid wrote a book on the topic.

Pale faces were a trend during the European Heart Ages. In the 16th century, women would bleed themselves to achieve pale peel. Spanish prostitutes wore pink makeup to contrast pale peel.^{[ citation needed ]} 13th century Italian women wore ruddy lipstick to testify that they were upper form.^[17] Employ of cosmetics connected in Heart Ages, where the face up was whitened and the cheeks rouged;^[eighteen] during the afterward 16th century in the West, the personal attributes of the women who used makeup created a need for the product amid the upper course.^{[ vague ] [xviii]} Cosmetics continued to be used in the following centuries, though attitudes towards cosmetics varied throughout time, with the utilise of cosmetics being openly frowned upon at many points in Western history. In the 19th century, Queen Victoria publicly alleged makeup improper, vulgar, and acceptable only for utilise by actors,^[19] with many famous actresses of the fourth dimension, such as Sarah Bernhardt and Lillie Langtry using makeup.

19th-century fashion ethics of women appearing delicate, feminine and stake were achieved by some through the use of makeup, with some women discreetly using rouge on their cheeks and drops of belladonna to amplify their optics to appear larger. Though cosmetics were used discreetly by many women, makeup in Western cultures during this fourth dimension was generally frowned upon, especially during the 1870s, when Western social etiquette increased in rigidity. Teachers and clergy were specifically forbidden from the employ of cosmetic products.

Americas and Commonwealth of australia [edit]

Some Native American tribes painted their faces for formalism events or boxing.^{[ citation needed ]} Similar practices were followed by Aboriginals in Australia.

The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and practice non stand for a worldwide view of the subject field. You may improve this commodity, hash out the issue on the talk folio, or create a new commodity, as appropriate. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

19th century [edit]

During the late 1800s, the Western cosmetics manufacture began to grow due to a rise in "visual self-sensation," a shift in the perception of colour cosmetics, and improvements in the condom of products.^[20] Prior to the 19th century, limitations in lighting technology and access to reflective devices stifled people'due south ability to regularly perceive their appearance. This, in plow, limited the demand for a cosmetic market and resulted in individuals creating and applying their own products at dwelling. Several technological advancements in the latter half of the century, including the innovation of mirrors, commercial photography, marketing and electricity in the dwelling and in public, increased consciousness of 1'due south appearance and created a need for cosmetic products that improved one's epitome.^[20]

Confront powders, rouges, lipstick and similar products made from home were institute to accept toxic ingredients, which deterred customers from their employ. Discoveries of not-toxic corrective ingredients, such as Henry Tetlow's 1866 use of zinc oxide equally a face pulverization, and the distribution of cosmetic products by established companies such as Rimmel, Guerlain, and Hudnut helped popularize cosmetics to the broader public.^[twenty] Skincare, along with "confront painting" products like powders, as well became in-demand products of the cosmetics manufacture. The mass advertisements of cold cream brands such as Swimming'southward through billboards, magazines, and newspapers created a high need for the production. These advert and corrective marketing styles were shortly replicated in European countries, which farther increased the popularity of the advertised products in Europe.^[twenty]

20th century [edit]

Audience applying makeup at lecture past beautician in Los Angeles, c. 1950.

During the early on 1900s, makeup was non excessively popular. In fact, women hardly wore makeup at all. Make-up at this time was nonetheless more often than not the territory of prostitutes, those in cabarets and on the black & white screen.^[21] Face enameling (applying actual paint to the face) became pop among the rich at this time in an attempt to wait paler. This practise was dangerous due to the chief ingredient often beingness arsenic.^[22] Stake skin was associated with wealth because it meant that one was not out working in the sun and could afford to stay inside all mean solar day. Cosmetics were so unpopular that they could not be bought in department stores; they could only exist bought at theatrical costume stores. A adult female'due south "makeup routine" often but consisted of using papier poudré, a powdered paper/oil blotting sheet, to whiten the nose in the winter and shine their cheeks in the summer. Rouge was considered provocative, and so was simply seen on "women of the nighttime." Some women used burnt matchsticks to darken eyelashes, and geranium and poppy petals to stain the lips.^[22] Vaseline became high in demand because it was used on chapped lips, as a base for hair tonic, and soap.^[22] Toilet waters were introduced in the early 1900s, but only lavender water or refined cologne was admissible for women to wear.^[23] Cosmetic deodorant was invented in 1888, by an unknown inventor from Philadelphia and was trademarked under the name "Mum". Ringlet-on deodorant was launched in 1952, and droplets deodorant in 1965.

Effectually 1910, brand-upwards became fashionable in the United States of America and Europe attributable to the influence of ballet and theatre stars such as Mathilde Kschessinska and Sarah Bernhardt. Colored makeup was introduced in Paris upon the inflow of the Russian Ballet in 1910, where ochers and crimsons were the most typical shades.^[24] The Daily Mirror beauty book showed that cosmetics were now acceptable for the literate classes to wear. With that said, men often saw rouge as a mark of sexual activity and sin, and rouging was considered an admission of ugliness. In 1915, a Kansas legislature proposed to make it a misdemeanor for women under the age of forty-four to wearable cosmetics "for the purpose of creating a false impression."^[25] The Daily Mirror was one of the outset to suggest using a pencil line (eyeliner) to elongate the eye and an eyelash curler to accentuate the lashes. Eyebrow darkener was also presented in this beauty book, created from gum Arabic, Indian ink, and rosewater.^[26] George Burchett developed corrective tattooing during this fourth dimension menstruum. He was able to tattoo on pink blushes, scarlet lips, and night eyebrows. He also was able to tattoo men disfigured in the Offset World State of war by inserting skin tones in damaged faces and past covering scars with colors more pleasing to the eye.^[27] Max Factor opened up a professional makeup studio for stage and screen actors in Los Angeles in 1909.^[28] Even though his store was intended for actors, ordinary women came in to purchase theatrical eye shadow and eyebrow pencils for their home use.

In the 1920s, the film manufacture in Hollywood had the almost influential impact on cosmetics. Stars such as Theda Bara had a substantial event on the makeup manufacture. Helena Rubinstein was Bara'southward makeup artist; she created mascara for the actress, relying on her experiments with kohl.^[29] Others who saw the opportunity for the mass-market place of cosmetics during this time were Max Gene, Sr., and Elizabeth Arden. Many of the present day makeup manufacturers were established during the 1920s and 1930s. Lipsticks were one of the nigh pop cosmetics of this time, more then than rouge and powder, because they were colorful and cheap. In 1915, Maurice Levy invented the metal container for lipstick, which gave license to its mass product.^[30] The Flapper style also influenced the cosmetics of the 1920s, which embraced dark eyes, cerise lipstick, red smash polish, and the suntan, invented as a mode statement by Coco Chanel. The eyebrow pencil became vastly popular in the 1920s, in role because it was technologically superior to what information technology had been, due to a new ingredient: hydrogenated cottonseed oil (also the fundamental constituent of some other wonder production of that era Crisco Oil).^[31] The early on commercial mascaras, like Maybelline, were simply pressed cakes containing soap and pigments. A woman would dip a tiny castor into hot water, rub the bristles on the cake, remove the excess by rolling the brush onto some blotting newspaper or a sponge, and so apply the mascara as if her eyelashes were a watercolor canvas.^[31] Eugène Schueller, founder of L'Oréal, invented modern constructed hair dye in 1907 and he also invented sunscreen in 1936.^[32] The beginning patent for a nail smoothen was granted in 1919. Its color was a very faint pink. Information technology's not clear how night this rose was, but any girl whose nails were tipped in any pink darker than a baby's blush risked gossip almost being "fast."^[31] Previously, but agricultural workers had sported suntans, while fashionable women kept their skins as pale as possible. In the wake of Chanel'south adoption of the suntan, dozens of new fake tan products were produced to aid both men and women achieve the "sun-kissed" look. In Asia, skin whitening continued to correspond the ideal of beauty, every bit it does to this day.

In the time period after the Offset World War, in that location was a nail in cosmetic surgery. During the 1920s and 1930s, facial configuration and social identity dominated a plastic surgeon'south world. Face-lifts were performed as early as 1920, but it wasn't until the 1960s when cosmetic surgery was used to reduce the signs of aging.^[33] During the twentieth century, cosmetic surgery mainly revolved around women. Men only participated in the practice if they had been disfigured by the war. Silicone implants were introduced in 1962. In the 1980s, the American Society of Plastic Surgeons made efforts to increase public awareness about plastic surgery. As a event, in 1982, the United States Supreme Court granted physicians the legal right to advertise their procedures.^[34] The optimistic and simplified nature of narrative advertisements often made the surgeries seem run a risk-gratuitous, even though they were anything but. The American Guild for Artful Plastic Surgery reported that more than ii million Americans elected to undergo cosmetic procedures, both surgical and non-surgical, in 1998, liposuction being the most popular. Chest augmentations ranked second, while numbers three, four, and five went to eye surgery, face-lifts, and chemical peels.^[33]

During the 1920s, numerous African Americans participated in skin bleaching in an endeavour to lighten their complexion as well as hair straightening to appear whiter. Pare bleaches and hair straighteners created fortunes worth millions and deemed for a massive xxx to 50 per centum of all advertisements in the black press of the decade.^[35] Oftentimes, these bleaches and straighteners were created and marketed by African American women themselves. Skin bleaches independent caustic chemicals such every bit hydroquinone, which suppressed the product of melanin in the skin. These bleaches could cause severe dermatitis and even death in high dosages. Many times these regimens were used daily, increasing an individual'due south gamble. In the 1970s, at to the lowest degree five companies started producing brand-up for African American women. Before the 1970s, makeup shades for Black women were limited. Confront makeup and lipstick did not work for dark pare types because they were created for pale pare tones. These cosmetics that were created for stake skin tones but made dark skin appear grayness. Eventually, makeup companies created makeup that worked for richer skin tones, such as foundations and powders that provided a natural match. Popular companies like Astarté, Afram, Libra, Flori Roberts and Fashion Fair priced the cosmetics reasonably due to the fact that they wanted to reach out to the masses.^[36]

From 1939 to 1945, during the Second Globe War, cosmetics were in brusque supply.^[37] Petroleum and alcohol, basic ingredients of many cosmetics, were diverted into state of war supply. Ironically, at this time when they were restricted, lipstick, pulverisation, and face cream were virtually desirable and well-nigh experimentation was carried out for the postal service war flow. Cosmetic developers realized that the war would effect in a phenomenal blast afterwards, so they began preparing. Yardley, Elizabeth Arden, Helena Rubinstein, and the French manufacturing visitor became associated with "quality" after the state of war because they were the oldest established. Pond'due south had this aforementioned appeal in the lower price range. Gala cosmetics were i of the beginning to give its products fantasy names, such equally the lipsticks in "lantern carmine" and "sea coral."^[38]

During the 1960s and 1970s, many women in the western world influenced by feminism decided to go without whatsoever cosmetics. In 1968 at the feminist Miss America protest, protestors symbolically threw a number of feminine products into a "Freedom Trash Can." This included cosmetics,^[39] which were among items the protestors chosen "instruments of female person torture"^[40] and accouterments of what they perceived to be enforced femininity.

Cosmetics in the 1970s were divided into a "natural look" for day and a more sexualized epitome for evening. Non-allergic makeup appeared when the bare face was in fashion as women became more interested in the chemical value of their makeup.^[41] Modernistic developments in technology, such as the Loftier-shear mixer facilitated the production of cosmetics which were more natural looking and had greater staying power in wear than their predecessors.^[42] The prime cosmetic of the time was eye shadow, though; women besides were interested in new lipstick colors such equally lilac, green, and silvery.^[43] These lipsticks were often mixed with stake pinks and whites, and then women could create their ain individual shades. "Blush-ons" came into the marketplace in this decade, with Revlon giving them wide publicity.^[43] This product was applied to the forehead, lower cheeks, and chin. Contouring and highlighting the face with white eye shadow cream also became pop. Avon introduced the lady saleswoman.^[44] In fact, the whole cosmetic industry in full general opened opportunities for women in business organization as entrepreneurs, inventors, manufacturers, distributors, and promoters.^[45]

21st century [edit]

Beauty products are now widely bachelor from dedicated cyberspace-merely retailers,^[46] who have more recently been joined online by established outlets, including major department stores and traditional brick-and-mortar beauty retailers.

Like nigh industries, cosmetic companies resist regulation by government agencies. In the U.S., the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not corroborate or review cosmetics, although it does regulate the colors that can exist used in hair dyes. Cosmetic companies are non required to report injuries resulting from apply of their products.^[47]

Although modern makeup has been used mainly by women traditionally, gradually an increasing number of males are using cosmetics usually associated to women to enhance their ain facial features. Concealer is normally used by corrective-conscious men. Cosmetics brands are releasing cosmetic products specially tailored for men, and men are using such products more than commonly.^[48] In that location is some controversy over this, however, as many feel that men who wear makeup are neglecting traditional gender roles, and practise not view men wearing cosmetics in a positive lite. Others, withal, view this every bit a sign of increasing gender equality and experience that men also have the right to raise their facial features with cosmetics if women do.

Today the marketplace of cosmetics has a dissimilar dynamic compared to the 20th century. Some countries are driving this economy:

• Nihon: Japan is the second largest market in the world. Regarding the growth of this market place, cosmetics in Nihon have entered a period of stability. However, the market place situation is quickly irresolute. Now consumers can access a lot of information on the Internet and choose many alternatives, opening up many opportunities for newcomers entering the market, looking for chances to encounter the various needs of consumers. The size of the cosmetics market for 2010 was 2286 billion yen on the basis of the value of shipments by brand manufacturer. With a growth charge per unit of 0.one%, the market was almost unchanged from the previous twelvemonth.^[49]
• Russia: One of the near interesting emerging markets, the 5th largest in the world in 2012, the Russian perfumery and cosmetics market has shown the highest growth of 21% since 2004, reaching U.s.a.$13.5 billion.^{[ commendation needed ]}

With the imposition of lockdowns due to the COVID-xix pandemic and the consequent wariness to render to salons, trends that imitate salon procedures started to emerge, such as more complicated habitation peel-care regimens, hair color preserving products, and beauty tools.^[50] Early on in the pandemic, sales on makeup essentials, like foundation and lipstick, decreased by up to lxx% because of quarantining and face-covering mandates.^[51]

See also [edit]

• Cosmetics
• Female cosmetic coalitions
• Ochre
• Prehistoric art
• Symbolic culture
• Blombos Cave

References [edit]

1. ^ Power, Camilla (2010). "Cosmetics, identity and consciousness". Periodical of Consciousness Studies. 17 (seven–8): 73–94.
2. ^ Power, Camilla (2004). "Women in Prehistoric Art". In Berghaus, Chiliad. (ed.). New Perspectives in Prehistoric Fine art. Westport, CT & London: Praeger. pp. 75–104.
3. ^ Watts, Ian (2009). "Red ochre, body painting and language: interpreting the Blombos ochre". In Botha, Rudolf; Knight, Chris (eds.). The Cradle of Language. OUP Oxford. pp. 62–92. ISBN978-0-19-156767-4.
4. ^ Watts, Ian (1 September 2010). "The pigments from Pinnacle Point Cave 13B, Western Cape, Southward Africa". Journal of Human being Evolution. 59 (3): 392–411. doi:x.1016/j.jhevol.2010.07.006. PMID 20934093.
5. ^ ^{a b} Adkins, Lesley & Adkins, Roy A. (1998). Handbook to life in Aboriginal Greece. Oxford Academy Printing. ISBN978-0-19512-491-0. ^{[ page needed ]}
6. ^ ^{a b} Burlando, Bruno; Verotta, Luisella; Cornararara, Laura & Bottini-Massa, Elisa (2010). Herbal Principles in Cosmetics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN978-i-43981-213-6.
7. ^ Olson, Kelly (2009). "Cosmetics in Roman Artifact: Substance, Remedy, Poison". Classical Globe. 102 (3): 291–310. doi:10.1353/clw.0.0098. JSTOR 40599851. Project MUSE 266767.
8. ^ Johnson, Rita (1999). "What's That Stuff? Lipstick". Chemical & Engineering science News. 77 (28): 31. doi:10.1021/cen-v077n028.p031.
9. ^ Bhanoo, Sindya N. (18 Jan 2010). "Ancient Egypt'due south Toxic Makeup Fought Infection, Researchers Say". The New York Times.
10. ^ ^{a b} Cai, Zong-qi, ed. (2008). How to read Chinese verse: A guided anthology. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 295. ISBN978-0-231-13941-0.
11. ^ ^{a b c} Wang, Betty. "Flower deities marker the lunar months with stories of Love & Tragedy". Taiwan Review. Regime Information Office, Republic of China. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
12. ^ "Unknown". West & Due east 中美月刊. Sino-American Cultural and Economic Association. 36–37: 9. 1991. ISSN 0043-3047. ^{[ dead link ]}
13. ^ ^{a b} Huo, Jianying. "Aboriginal Cosmetology". Red china Today . Retrieved 8 October 2011.
14. ^ Mei, Hua (2011). Chinese clothing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Printing. p. 32. ISBN978-0-521-18689-6. For case, the Huadian or forehead decoration was said to have originated in the South Dynasty, when the Shouyang Princess was taking a walk in the palace in early bound and a light breeze brought a plum blossom onto her forehead. The plum blossom for some reason could non be washed off or removed in any way. Fortunately, it looked beautiful on her, and all of a sudden became all the rage amongst the girls of the commoners. It is therefore called the "Shouyang makeup" or the "plum blossom makeup." This makeup was popular among the women for a long fourth dimension in the Tang and Song Dynasties.
15. ^ Graham-Diaz, Naomi (Oct 2001). "Make-Up of Geisha and Maiko". Immortal Geisha. Archived from the original on ix February 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
16. ^ Oumeish, Oumeish Youssef (July 2001). "The cultural and philosophical concepts of cosmetics in dazzler and art through the medical history of mankind". Clinics in Dermatology. 19 (4): 375–386. doi:ten.1016/s0738-081x(01)00194-eight. PMID 11535377.
17. ^ Madrano, Fall (1999). "A Colorful History". InFlux. Academy of Oregon Schoolhouse of Journalism and Communication. Archived from the original on 17 Jan 2001. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
18. ^ ^{a b} Angeloglou 1970, pp. 41–42.
19. ^ Pallingston, Jessica (1998). Lipstick: A Celebration of the World's Favorite Cosmetic. New York City: St. Martin's Press. ISBN978-0-312-19914-ii.
20. ^ ^{a b c d} Jones, Geoffrey (2010). "How Do I Look?". Dazzler Imagined. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 44–63. ISBN978-0-19955-649-6.
21. ^ Sava, Sanda (5 May 2016). "A History of Make-upwardly & Mode: 1900-1910". SandaSava.com . Retrieved xix May 2016.
22. ^ ^{a b c} Angeloglou 1970, p. 113.
23. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 114.
24. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 115.
25. ^ Peiss 1998, p. 55.
26. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 116.
27. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 117.
28. ^ Peiss 1998, p. 58.
29. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 119.
30. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 125.
31. ^ ^{a b c} Riordan, Teresa (2004). Inventing Beauty. New York Metropolis: Broadway Books. ISBN978-0-76791-451-2. ^{[ page needed ]}
32. ^ "Eugène Schueller". L'Oréal.
33. ^ ^{a b} Haiken, Elizabeth (2000). "The Making of the Mod Face up: Corrective Surgery". Social Research. 67 (1): 81–97. JSTOR 40971379. PMID 17099986.
34. ^ Lee, Shu-Yueh; Clark, Naeemah (2014). "The Normalization of Cosmetic Surgery in Women's Magazines from 1960 to 1989". Journal of Mag Media. 15 (1). doi:x.1353/jmm.2014.0014. Project MUSE 773691.
35. ^ Dorman, Jacob Due south. (1 June 2011). "Skin bleach and civilisation: the racial formation of blackness in 1920s Harlem" (PDF). Journal of Pan African Studies. 4 (4): 47–81. Gale A306514735.
36. ^ "Modern Living: Blackness Cosmetics". TIME. 29 June 1970. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
37. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 127.
38. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 131.
39. ^ Dow, Bonnie J. (2003). "Feminism, Miss America, and Media Mythology". Rhetoric & Public Affairs. vi (i): 127–149. doi:x.1353/rap.2003.0028. S2CID 143094250.
40. ^ Duffett, Judith (October 1968). WLM vs. Miss America. Vocalism of the Women'southward Liberation Movement. p. 4.
41. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 138.
42. ^ "Cosmetics and Personal Intendance Products". Charles Ross & Son Company . Retrieved 7 June 2009.
43. ^ ^{a b} Angeloglou 1970, p. 135.
44. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 137.
45. ^ Peiss 1998, p. 5.
46. ^ "Lessons from categorising the entire beauty products sector (Function 1)". Beauty Now. 27 September 2009. Archived from the original on x October 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2009.
47. ^ "Cosmetics and your health". Part on Women's Wellness. 4 Nov 2004.
48. ^ "FDA Authority Over Cosmetics". Heart for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. 3 March 2005. Archived from the original on 13 May 2009. Retrieved 23 Oct 2011.
49. ^ ""The Japanese cosmetics market is actively changing," Hajime Suzuki, Cosme Tokyo". Premium Beauty News.
50. ^ "The beauty trends customers are buying during Covid-19". Vogue Business organisation. 10 Baronial 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
51. ^ "Sleeping dazzler halls: how Covid-19 upended the 'lipstick index'". The Guardian. 18 Dec 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2022.

Sources [edit]

• Angeloglou, Maggie (1970). The History of Make-up. London, U.k.: Macmillan. OCLC 615683528.
• Peiss, Kathy Lee (1998). Hope in a Jar: The Making of America's Beauty Civilisation. Metropolitan Books. ISBN978-0-8050-5550-four.

External links [edit]

• Forsling, Yvonne. "Regency Cosmetics and Make-Up: Looking Your Best in 1811". Regency England 1790-1830.
• "Naked face projection: Women try no-makeup experiment". U.s.a. Today. 28 March 2012.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cosmetics

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